|
The ''Pax Mongolica'' (less often known as ''Pax Tatarica'')〔Michael Prawdin. ''The Mongol Empire: its rise and legacy''. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2006. p.347〕 (Latin for "Mongol Peace") is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase ''Pax Romana'', which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests. The conquests of Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) and his successors, spanning from Southeast Asia to Eastern Europe, effectively connected the Eastern world with the Western world. The Silk Road, connecting trade centers across Asia and Europe, came under the sole rule of the Mongol Empire. It was commonly said that "a maiden bearing a nugget of gold on her head could wander safely throughout the realm."〔Charlton M. Lewis and W. Scott Morton. ''China: Its History and Culture (Fourth Edition).'' New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. p.121〕〔Laurence Bergreen. ''Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu.'' New York: Vintage, 2007. Print. p.27-28〕 Despite the political fragmentation of the Mongol Empire into four khanates (Yuan dynasty, Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate), nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability in the early 14th century. The end of the ''Pax Mongolica'' was marked by the disintegration of the khanates and the outbreak of the Black Death in Asia which spread along trade routes to much of the world in the mid-14th century. ==Foundations== The foundations of the ''Pax Mongolica'' lie in the Mongol Empire beginning with Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. In the process of conquering the various tribes in the region, Genghis Khan revolutionized the way Mongolian tribal society was structured.〔David Morgan (historian). ''The Mongols second edition''. Oxford: OUP, 2007. p.55〕 After each new victory, more and more people were incorporated under Genghis Khan's rule, thus diversifying the societal balance of the tribe. In 1203, Genghis Khan, in an effort to strengthen his army, ordered a reform that reorganized his army's structure while breaking down the traditional clan- and kindred-based divisions that had previously fragmented the society and military. He arranged his army into ''arbans'' (inter-ethnic groups of ten), and the members of an ''arban'' were commanded to be loyal to one another regardless of ethnic origin.〔Amy Chua. ''Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall''. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95〕 Ten ''arbans'' made a ''zuun'', or a company; ten ''zuuns'' made a ''myangan'', or a battalion; and ten ''myangans'' formed a ''tumen'', or an army of 10,000. This decimal system organization of Genghis Khan's strong military would prove very effective in conquering, by persuasion or force, the many tribes of the central Asian steppe, but it would also strengthen Mongol society as a whole.〔Jack Weatherford. ''Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World''. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. p. 28〕 By 1206 Genghis Khan's military expansion had unified the tribes of Mongolia, and in the same year he was elected and acclaimed as the leader of Mongolia. The new Mongol Nation quickly moved to annex more territory. The first Mongol conquests were campaigns against the Western Xia in northwestern China.〔All Empires: Online History Community. ("The Mongol Empire." ) Feb. 2007. Web. 22 November 2009〕 In 1209 the Mongols conquered the Western Xia. Between 1213 and 1214 the Mongols conquered the Jin Empire, and by 1214 the Mongols had captured most of the land north of the Yellow River.〔 In 1221 Mongol generals Jebe and Subodei began their expedition around the Caspian Sea and into Rus'; Genghis Khan defeated Turkic Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu at the Battle of Indus and the war with the Khwarezmian Empire concluded the same year. In 1235 the Mongols invaded Korea.〔 Two years later in 1237 Batu Khan and Subodei began their conquest of Rus', they conquered Poland and Hungary in 1241. In 1252 the Mongols began their invasion of Southern China; they would seize the capital of Hangzhou in 1276. In 1258 Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad.〔 Each new victory gave the Mongols the chance to incorporate new peoples, especially foreign engineers and laborers, into their society. Each new conquest also acquired new trade routes and the opportunity to control taxation and tribute. Thus, through territorial expansion, the Mongol Nation not only became an empire, but it also became more technologically and economically advanced.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pax Mongolica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|